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PLoS One
2015 Jan 01;106:e0131815. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131815.
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Maternal Exposure to Cadmium and Manganese Impairs Reproduction and Progeny Fitness in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus.
Migliaccio O, Castellano I, Cirino P, Romano G, Palumbo A.
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Metal contamination represents one of the major sources of pollution in marine environments. In this study we investigated the short-term effects of ecologically relevant cadmium and manganese concentrations (10(-6) and 3.6 x 10(-5) M, respectively) on females of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and their progeny, reared in the absence or presence of the metal. Cadmium is a well-known heavy metal, whereas manganese represents a potential emerging contaminant, resulting from an increased production of manganese-containing compounds. The effects of these agents were examined on both P. lividus adults and their offspring following reproductive state, morphology of embryos, nitric oxide (NO) production and differential gene expression. Here, we demonstrated that both metals differentially impaired the fertilization processes of the treated female sea urchins, causing modifications in the reproductive state and also affecting NO production in the ovaries. A detailed analysis of the progeny showed a high percentage of abnormal embryos, associated to an increase in the endogenous NO levels and variations in the transcriptional expression of several genes involved in stress response, skeletogenesis, detoxification, multi drug efflux processes and NO production. Moreover, we found significant differences in the progeny from females exposed to metals and reared in metal-containing sea water compared to embryos reared in non-contaminated sea water. Overall, these results greatly expanded previous studies on the toxic effects of metals on P. lividus and provided new insights into the molecular events induced in the progeny of sea urchins exposed to metals.
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Fig 4. Gene expression analysis in the progeny of P. lividus females exposed to cadmium 10−6 M for 2 days (A,B) and 9 days (C,D).The embryos were reared in sea water (A,C) and in cadmium-containing sea water (B,D). Data are reported as a fold difference in the expression levels of the analyzed genes, compared to controls (mean ± SD), offspring of females kept during the whole experimental period in sea water without addition of metal. Fold differences equal or greater than ± 2 (see horizontal guidelines at values of 2 and—2) were considered significant. Experiments were repeated at least on 3 biological replicates.
Fig 5. Gene expression analysis in the progeny of P. lividus females exposed to manganese 3.6 x 10−5 M for 2 days (A,B) and 9 days (C,D).The embryos were reared in sea water (A,C) and in manganese-containing sea water (B,D). Data are reported as a fold difference in the expression levels of the analyzed genes, compared to controls (mean ± SD), offspring of females kept during the whole experimental period in sea water without addition of metal. Fold differences equal or greater than ± 2 (see horizontal guidelines at values of 2 and—2) were considered significant. Experiments were repeated at least on 3 biological replicates.
Fig 6. Synopsis of the patterns of up- and down-regulation of different classes of genes in the offspring of P. lividus females exposed to cadmium (Cd) or manganese (Mn) for 2 and 9 days.The two arrows indicate the up- or down-regulation of genes in different developmental stages.
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